Comparative Evaluation of Waterproofing Systems Used in Railway Tunnel Construction: Performance, Durability, and Engineering Applications

Abstract

Groundwater ingress is one of the most significant challenges affecting the durability, safety, and service life of railway tunnels. Effective waterproofing systems are therefore essential to prevent seepage, reduce hydrostatic pressure, and protect tunnel linings from deterioration. This review comparatively evaluates the major waterproofing systems used in railway tunnel construction, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes, spray-applied waterproofing membranes, drainage systems, and grouting techniques. Their material characteristics, installation methods, durability, engineering performance, and suitability under different geological conditions are critically examined. The review also discusses common causes of waterproofing failure and highlights the importance of integrating waterproofing with efficient drainage and quality control measures. Based on the comparative assessment, recommendations are provided to support the selection of appropriate waterproofing systems, thereby improving the long-term performance, reliability, and sustainability of railway tunnel infrastructure.